National Identity: c. 1750 - c. 1900

AP Concept: 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
Key Concepts

Spread of European thought and rebellion led to new solidarities
Groups developed national identities based on shared religion, culture, language, and land

Nationalism

European powers continued to assert imperial strength in the 19^th century, which encouraged groups within these empires to break away

Nationalism grew as specific ethnic and religious groups identified themselves as separate communities began to try to form their own nations

Unified through a common language, customs, cultural traditions, values, experiences, and occasionally religion

Italy

Italian nationalism grew despite the continuing influence of the Roman Catholic Church

The pope held large estates in Italy and discouraged nationalism

Led by Garibaldi in the south, Italians fought a military campaign to unite their people behind the idea of an Italian nation

Count Camillo di Cavour, prime minister to the king of Sardinia, allied with France to expel Austria from northern Italy

Germany

Chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, envisioned a unified Germany and launched a series of wars with Denmark and Austria to gain and consolidate territory

Final war between Prussia and France allowed Bismarck to unify all the German domains against a common enemy

with their victory in the war, Germany became a separate nation

Emergence of Germany as a unified nation profoundly changed the balance of power in Europe

As France declined, Germany began to rival Britain as an industrial, military, and technological power

Zionism

Many newly-formed nations and nationalist movements did not account for minority groups, including the Jews, who lived as minorities in many nations

Anti-Semitism rose in the 19^th century as a part of nationalism, since their religion set Jews apart from their Christian neighbors

As a result, the Zionist movement rose in an attempt to establish a Jewish state in Palestine, led by Theodor Herzl

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