Jeffersonian and Jacksonian America
The following notes will help you prepare for questions about Jeffersonian and Jacksonian America, covering 1800 through 1840, on the AP U.S. History Exam.
Corps of Discovery : group hired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the territory obtained in the Louisiana Purchase; the most famous of the explorers were William Clark, Meriwether Lewis, and Sacagawea
doves : people who wanted to avoid going to war with Great Britain
Erie Canal : man-made waterway running from Albany, New York to Lake Erie; when it opened in 1825, it marked the beginning of the expansion of the American economy to the West
impressment : forcing American sailors to join the British navy
judicial review : the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional
Kitchen Cabinet : friends of Andrew Jackson who were given government jobs in return for supporting him; these unofficial advisors were out of the control of Congress
Louisiana Purchase : land deal between the U.S. and France in 1803 in which France sold 828,000 square miles of land for $15 million
nullification : the theory that states should have the right to nullify federal laws that they believe are not in their best interest
spoils system : the process by which Andrew Jackson rewarded friends and supporters with government jobs
Trail of Tears : the forced relocation of 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia to present day Oklahoma in 1838 and 1839, resulting in 4,000 deaths; part of Jackson's Indian Removal policy
Treaty of Ghent : Peace treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain to end the War of 1812; all conquered territory was returned
War Hawks : members of Congress, particularly John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, who were strongly in favor of war with Great Britain
People :
John C. Calhoun : proponent of the nullification theory
William Clark : co-leader of the Corps of Discovery
Henry Clay : supporter of the protective tariff and the Bank of the United States
Francis Scott Key : wrote the Star Spangled Banner while imprisoned on a ship during the War of 1812
Meriwether Lewis : co-leader of the Corps of Discovery
Napoleon Bonaparte : sold Louisiana to the U.S.
John Marshall : 4th Supreme Court justice whose opinions greatly shaped the Court
Sacagawea : Shoshone Indian who, with her husband and infant, joined the Corps of Discovery
Tecumseh : Shawnee leader who joined with Great Britain to oppose the U.S. in the War of 1812
- Thomas Jefferson, a Southerner was a believer in state's rights and was fearful of a strong central government. Despite that, he was responsible for the significantly increasing the size of the U.S. when he agreed to the Louisiana Purchase.
- Andrew Jackson, also a Southerner, considered himself the "people's president." He believed that the economic system was harmful to the common man and was strongly opposed to the Bank of the United States. In addition to being remembered for killing the Bank of the United States, Jackson's presidency is notable for his policy on Indian removal.
- The Supreme Court, under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled on several significant cases. Most importantly was Marbury v Madison (1803), which established the theory of judicial review.
- In the War of 1812, the U.S. fought Great Britain over trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and the possibility of the U.S. annexing Canada. The war ended in a stalemate but made a hero of future president Andrew Jackson.
Corps of Discovery : group hired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the territory obtained in the Louisiana Purchase; the most famous of the explorers were William Clark, Meriwether Lewis, and Sacagawea
doves : people who wanted to avoid going to war with Great Britain
Erie Canal : man-made waterway running from Albany, New York to Lake Erie; when it opened in 1825, it marked the beginning of the expansion of the American economy to the West
impressment : forcing American sailors to join the British navy
judicial review : the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional
Kitchen Cabinet : friends of Andrew Jackson who were given government jobs in return for supporting him; these unofficial advisors were out of the control of Congress
Louisiana Purchase : land deal between the U.S. and France in 1803 in which France sold 828,000 square miles of land for $15 million
nullification : the theory that states should have the right to nullify federal laws that they believe are not in their best interest
spoils system : the process by which Andrew Jackson rewarded friends and supporters with government jobs
Trail of Tears : the forced relocation of 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia to present day Oklahoma in 1838 and 1839, resulting in 4,000 deaths; part of Jackson's Indian Removal policy
Treaty of Ghent : Peace treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain to end the War of 1812; all conquered territory was returned
War Hawks : members of Congress, particularly John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, who were strongly in favor of war with Great Britain
People :
John C. Calhoun : proponent of the nullification theory
William Clark : co-leader of the Corps of Discovery
Henry Clay : supporter of the protective tariff and the Bank of the United States
Francis Scott Key : wrote the Star Spangled Banner while imprisoned on a ship during the War of 1812
Meriwether Lewis : co-leader of the Corps of Discovery
Napoleon Bonaparte : sold Louisiana to the U.S.
John Marshall : 4th Supreme Court justice whose opinions greatly shaped the Court
Sacagawea : Shoshone Indian who, with her husband and infant, joined the Corps of Discovery
Tecumseh : Shawnee leader who joined with Great Britain to oppose the U.S. in the War of 1812
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